An allergic reaction is caused by the body’s immune system overreacting to the drug, which is viewed as a chemical “invader,” or antigen. This overreaction is often called a hypersensitivity reaction.
* The body produces antibodies to the antigen and stores the antibodies on special cells.
o The antibody in an allergic reaction is called immunoglobulin E, or IgE.
o When the body is exposed to the drug again, the antibodies signal the cells to release chemicals called “mediators.” Histamine is an example of a mediator.
o The effects of these mediators on organs and other cells cause the symptoms of the reaction.
* The most common triggers of drug allergies are the following:
o Painkillers (called analgesics) such as codeine, morphine, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen or indomethacin), and aspirin
o Antibiotics such as penicillin, sulfa drugs, and tetracycline
o Antiseizure medications such as phenytoin (Dilantin) or carbamazepine (Tegretol)
* Risk factors for drug allergies include the following:
o Frequent exposure to the drug
o Large doses of the drug
o Drug given by injection rather than pill
o Family tendency to develop allergies and asthma
o Certain food allergies such as to eggs, soybeans, or shellfish
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